Las funciones de la matrona en el mundo antiguo y medieval. Una mirada desde la Historia / Midwife's functions in ancient and medieval times: a view from History

Las profesiones experimentan transformaciones constantes a lo largo de los siglos, resultado de la evolución de la sociedad misma y de la actitud de sus profesionales. La profesión de matrona participa plenamente de estas afirmaciones, de ahí que la investigación y difusión de su historia nos permita comprender muchas de las circunstancias que han coadyuvado a conformar la profesión como hoy la conocemos y a tomar conciencia de que el destino de ella depende no sólo de las circunstancias externas a la profesión, sino muy especialmente del coraje y empuje de las propias matronas. En este artículo se señalan las funciones fundamentales que han sido una constante en el trabajo de la matrona hasta el siglo XV. Sirvan estas páginas que siguen para contribuir a difundir una de las más bellas historias jamás contada: la profesión de matrona. (AU)

Professions change constantly over the centuries as a result of the evolution of society itself and the attitude of its professionals, and midwifery fully confirms these assertions. Thus, the study and recounting of its history enables us to understand many of the circumstances that have come together to shape the profession as we know it today and to realize that its future depends not only on external circumstances, but particularly on the courage and determination of the midwives themselves. This article points out the major functions that have constituted the work of the midwife since the 15th century. The authors hope that the following pages help to make known one of the loveliest stories every told: that of midwifery. (AU)

A conduta subjetiva do trabalhador em Lenin: proximidades ou divergências com a concepção de Taylor? / Workers' subjective conduct in Lenin: proximity or divergency with Taylor's conception?

Este artigo resulta de um estudo sobre a concepção de V. I. Lenin acerca da conduta subjetiva do trabalhador, buscando identificar proximidades ou divergências com a concepção presente em F. W. Taylor. Em 1918, após o processo revolucionário de caráter socialista na Rússia, Lenin defendeu a aplicação do taylorismo como método de organização do trabalho nas indústrias soviéticas, defesa que tem sido criticada politicamente e por teóricos do campo da teoria social marxista. Constatamos que Lenin identifica positividades no taylorismo no que se refere à possibilidade de uma melhor organização do trabalho, visando à sua simplificação e ao aumento da sua produtividade. Contudo, concluímos que a sua concepção no tocante à conduta subjetiva do trabalhador não é a mesma de Taylor. O taylorismo pressupõe um sujeito indolente por natureza e somente passível de adaptação. De forma distinta, em Lenin, a consciência e a conduta do trabalhador são resultado das relações sociais de produção e, muito embora contraditórias, suscetíveis de transformação. Mais do que isso, é o proletariado, a partir de um aprendizado, quem deve dirigir o processo de trabalho e a sociedade

This study stems from research on V. I. Lenin's conception about workers' subjective conduct, seeking to identify proximities or divergencies with that of Taylor. In 1918, after the revolutionary socialist process in Russia, Lenin defended the application of Taylorism as a method to organize labor in Soviet industries. A defense which has been criticized politically and by Marxist social theory thinkers. We note that Lenin identifies positivities in Taylorism regarding the possibility of better organizing labor, aiming at simplifying it and increasing its productivity. However, we conclude that his conception regarding workers' subjective conduct differs from that of Taylor. Taylorism presupposes a subject who is indolent by nature and only capable of adaptation. In Lenin, workers' consciousness and behavior result from social relations of production which are, although contradictory, susceptible to transformation. More than that, it is the proletariat, through a learning process, who must direct the work process and society

El proceso de transformación laboral en Uruguay / The process of work transformation in Uruguay / O processo de transformação do trabalho no Uruguai

El siguiente artículo pretende caracterizar el desarrollo del mundo del trabajo en Uruguay, tratando de capturar modalidades sobresalientes que definen una época. Para ello establece una periodización torno a las diferentes innovaciones que van siendo incorporadas a la producción y el aprovechamiento del trabajo. Este proceso tiene directa vinculación con el desarrollo del capita-lismo monopolista hasta nuestros días. Se intenta reproducir momentos que permiten comprender un lento proceso de precarización y empobrecimiento de los trabajadores en el largo plazo. En el final se recupera el trayecto recorrido, intentando encontrar en aquella síntesis de conclusiones un escenario para situar la discusión contemporánea, con tendencia a la precarización del trabajo, la uberización y el avance del capitalismo de plataformas

The present article has as an objective to characterize the world deve-lopment of work in Uruguai by analyzing important methods that define a period. In this regard, a periodization was established regarding the different innovations that have been incorporated to production and utilization of work. This process has a direct link with the development of monopoly capitalism until this days. The purpose was to reproduce the steps that allowed the understanding of the slow process of precarization and impoverishment of workers. Finally, this work tried to establish a possible scenario in the contemporary context tending to a precarization of work, uberization and platform capitalism advance

O presente artigo tem como objetivo caracterizar o desenvolvimento do mundo do trabalho no Uruguai, analisando modalidades marcantes que definem uma época. Para isso, se estabeleceu uma periodização em torno das diferentes inovações que foram sendo incorporadas à produção e ao aproveitamento do trabalho. Este processo possui vinculação direta com o desenvolvimento do capitalismo monopolista até o presente momento. Pretendeu-se reproduzir os passos que permitem compreender o lento processo de precarização e empobrecimento dos trabalhadores a longo prazo. Por fim, a partir dessa trajetória se procurou estabelecer um cenário para situar a discussão em um contexto contemporâneo, com tendência à precarização do trabalho, à uberização e ao avanço do capitalismo de plataforma

Trabalho e esperança em 2020 / Work and hope in 2020

Este ensaio parte do conceito elaborado por Ernst Bloch (1885-1977) de que a esperança se enraíza nas possibilidades inseridas na realidade. Quando se insere a esperança de reconhecimento do direito dos trabalhadores a maior dignidade nas transformações técnicas e lutas sociais da era industrial, mostra-se a união de esperança e trabalho, presente nas contradições dos tempos modernos pelo mundo e no Brasil. Em nossa atual situação crítica, na enfermidade mundial; quando as sociedades evoluem para tecnológicas, diminui a demanda de operários na indústria e desaparece a garantia de emprego estável; a humanidade é desafiada a refletir sobre sua atividade que transcende o trabalho produtivo material e a inventar soluções da ordem da esperança, utopias concretas, não impossíveis de realizar.

This essay begins by remembering the concept wrought by Ernst Bloch (1885-1977) that hope's root is in the possibilities within reality. The technical changes and social struggles in the industrial era showed the hope of recognition of worker's rights of better conditions of life and more dignity, so that it's to say that hope and work have been straight together in the contradictions of modern times, in the world as in Brazil. At this critical moment of a pandemia; when societies go into technological and the demand of workers at industry decrease, and when almost disappear the confidence on stable employments, humanity has the challenge to reflect about its activity - what transcend the material productive work, and have to invent solutions, even if it seam to belong to the order of hope as concrete utopias, but are not impossible to make real.

Fingerprint evidence for the division of labour and learning pottery-making at Early Bronze Age Tell es-Sâfi/Gath, Israel.

The organization of craft production has long been a marker for broader social, economic and political changes that accompanied urbanism. The identity of producers who comprised production groups, communities, or workshops is out of reach using conventional archaeological data. There has been some success using epidermal prints on artefacts to identify the age and sex of producers. However, forensic research indicates that a combination of ridge breadth and ridge density would best identify the age and sex of individuals. To this end, we combine mean ridge breadth (MRB) and mean ridge density (MRD) to distinguish the age and sex of 112 fingerprints on Early Bronze Age (EB) III pottery from the early urban neighbourhood at Tell es-Sâfi/Gath, Israel, dating to a 100 year time span. Our analysis accounts for the shrinkage of calcareous fabrics used to make six type of vessels, applies a modified version of the Kamp et al. regression equation to the MRB for each individual print, and infers sex by correlating MRD data to appropriate modern reference populations. When the results are combined, our analyses indicate that most fingerprints were made by adult and young males and the remainder by adult and young females. Children's prints are in evidence but only occur on handles. Multiple prints of different age and sex on the same vessels suggest they were impressed during the training of young potters. Production appears dominated by adult and young males working alone, together, and in cooperation with adult and/or young females. Vessels with prints exclusively by females of any age are rare. This male dominant cooperative labour pattern contrasts recent studies showing that adult women primarily made Neolithic figurines in Anatolia, and more females than males were making pottery prior to the rise of city-states in northern Mesopotamia.

[Was Gregor Mendel subjected to chores before becoming a monk in 1843?] / Gregor Mendel fut-il soumis à la corvée avant de devenir moine en 1843 ?

Our knowledge of the young Mendel's life prior to his admission to the monastery comes essentially from the curriculum vitae submitted in 1850. His first biographer Hugo Iltis used this document as a sort of autobiography, although the document contained various voluntary omissions and inaccuracies. We have sought the reasons for these and in so doing have discovered why Mendel's entry into religion had become ineluctable.

TITLE: Gregor Mendel fut-il soumis à la corvée avant de devenir moine en 1843 ? ABSTRACT: Après avoir suivi brillamment deux ans de cours préparatoires à la formation universitaire qui devait le mener au professorat, Gregor Mendel entre subitement dans un monastère augustin en 1843. A-t-il renoncé à son projet professoral pour devenir prêtre ou a-t-il seulement repoussé ce projet ? Afin de déterminer les raisons de son comportement, nous étudions dans cet article ses années de formation secondaire, en complétant et en corrigeant les données d'un curriculum vitae rédigé par lui-même en avril 1850, pour le joindre à une demande d'habilitation à l'enseignement secondaire.

A loucura interroga a gestão: o que aprender com ingovernáveis na era do trabalho imaterial / Madness questions management: what to learn with the ungovernable in the age of immaterial labor

O presente artigo debate a relação entre loucura e gestão, questionando o que os ditos "ingovernáveis" teriam a legar às "razoáveis" formas de gestão que se apresentam no campo das políticas públicas de saúde mental. A partir de uma experiência de avaliação da rede de saúde de um município do interior do Rio Grande do Sul, realizada com usuários de um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial, problematizam-se as relações saúde e loucura (compreendida como potência esquizo), as transformações do trabalho tornado imaterial, assim como a ampliação do conceito de gestão do trabalho em saúde mental. Conclui-se que a loucura pode ser um intercessor potente para a invenção das clínicas da Reforma Psiquiátrica.

This article discusses the relation between madness and management, questioning what the so-called "ungovernable" would have to bestow upon the "reasonable" forms of management that are present in the field of public mental health policies. Based on an experience of assessing the health care system in a municipality in the interior of the state of Rio Grande do Sul conducted with users of a Psychosocial Care Center, the article problematizes the relation between good health and madness (understood as schizo power), the transformations of labor made immaterial, as well as the expansion of the concept of work management in mental health care. The conclusion is that madness can be a powerful intercessor for the invention of the Psychiatric Reform clinics.

Osteoarthritis, labour division, and occupational specialization of the Late Shang China - insights from Yinxu (ca. 1250 - 1046 B.C.).

This research investigates the prevalence of human osteoarthritis at Yinxu, the last capital of the Late Shang dynasty (ca. 1250-1046 B.C.), to gain insights about lifeways of early urban populations in ancient China. A total of 167 skeletal remains from two sites (Xiaomintun and Xin'anzhuang) were analyzed to examine osteoarthritis at eight appendicular joints and through three spinal osseous indicators. High osteoarthritis frequencies were found in the remains with males showing significantly higher osteoarthritis on the upper body (compared to that of the females). This distinctive pattern becomes more obvious for males from Xiaomintun. Furthermore, Xiaomintun people showed significantly higher osteoarthritis in both sexes than those from Xin'anzhuang. Higher upper body osteoarthritis is speculated to be caused by repetitive lifting and carrying heavy-weight objects, disproportionately adding more stress and thus more osseous changes to the upper than the lower body. Such lifting-carrying could be derived from intensified physical activities in general and specialized occupations in particular. Higher osteoarthritis in males may reveal a gendered division of labour, with higher osteoarthritis in Xiaomintun strongly indicating an occupational difference between the two sites. The latter speculation can be supported by the recovery of substantially more bronze-casting artifacts in Xiaomintun. It is also intriguing that relatively higher osteoarthritis was noticed in Xiaomintun females, which seems to suggest that those women might have also participated in bronze-casting activities as a "family business." Such a family-involved occupation, if it existed, may have contributed to establishment of occupation-oriented neighborhoods as proposed by many Shang archaeologists.

A century of work teams in the Journal of Applied Psychology.

Work groups are a vital link between individuals and organizations. Systematic psychological research on the nature and effects of work groups dates back at least to the Hawthorne studies of the 1920s and 1930s. Yet little to none of this work appeared in the Journal of Applied Psychology until the 1950s when groups were treated primarily as foils against which to compare the performance of individuals. From the 1990s to the present, the volume of research and the nature of topics addressing work group/teams expanded significantly. The authors review the evolution of team research over the past century with a particular focus on that which has appeared in this journal. They chronicle the shift from a focus on individuals within teams, or on individual versus team comparisons, to a focus on the team itself and larger systems of teams. They describe the major outcomes studied within this literature, and how they relate to the nature of team tasks and structures. Further, the authors consider the roles of team members' characteristics and composition, and team dynamics in terms of processes and emergent states. They close with a call for future research that models dynamic team relationships in context and as they operate in complex systems. (PsycINFO Database Record

Psicologia, Trabalho e Gestão? / Psychology, Work, Management? / ¿Psicología, Trabajo y Gestión?

Este artigo trata dos sistemas de racionalidade que sustentam as práticas em Psicologia do Trabalho, entendendo que eles são emergentes de um feixe de forças sociais ligadas a determinados regimes de verdade que contornam sua consistência e operacionalidade em uma época. Discutimos se, em tempos de Sociedade de Controle, as modulações produzidas no campo social estariam promovendo a emergência de uma Psicologia que se poderia chamar "da Gestão", essa uma psicologia alinhada com as novas estratégias de gerenciamento que marcam o trabalho contemporâneo. Por fim, tecemos considerações a respeito do trabalho enquanto atividade exaltando que cada trabalhador é gestor de seu trabalho, lançando, assim, novas questões no que tange às intrincadas relações entre psicologia, gestão e processos de capitalização subjetiva que marcam os modos de trabalho contemporâneos

This paper concerns with rationality systems into which practices in Work Psychology are grounded, considering that these emerge from a sheaf of social forces linked to determined truth regimes that delimit their consistency and operability in time. Here, we discuss if in times of Societies of Control, the social field modulations are producing the emergence of what we could call a Psychology "of Management". That would be a psychology aligned with the new managerial strategies which are a characteristic of contemporary work. At last, we weave considerations concerning work as activity, pointing out that each worker is a manager of his own work; in this way, new questions emerge on what concerns the intricate relation between psychology, management and subjective capitalization processes featured in the contemporary ways of work

Este artículo trata de los sistemas de racionalidad que sostienen las prácticas en Psicología del Trabajo entendiendo que los mismos son emergentes de un atado de fuerzas sociales vinculadas a determinados regímenes de verdad que rodean su consistencia y operatividad en una época. Hemos discutido si en tiempos de Sociedad de Control las modulaciones producidas en el campo social estarían promoviendo la emergencia de una Psicología que se podría llamar "de la Gestión", que es una psicología alineada con las nuevas estrategias de gestión que marcan el trabajo contemporáneo. Por último, tejemos consideraciones acerca del trabajo como actividad exaltando que cada trabajador es gestor de su trabajo, proponiendo, así, nuevas cuestiones con respecto a las intrincadas relaciones entre psicología, gestión y procesos de capitalización subjetiva que marcan los modos de trabajo contemporáneos

The work of faculty-in-residence: An introduction and literature review.

BACKGROUND: The unique work of faculty-in-residence (FIRs) is premised on a substantial amount of research, which demonstrates that faculty-student engagement benefits students positively. Still, there is a dearth of literature that focuses on FIR work. In particular, there is no published research on the historical context for FIRs and no published research that provides an overarching analysis of literature germane to FIR work. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to fill these gaps in the research literature by producing a historical study of FIR work and a review of research about FIR work. METHODS: Qualitative methods were used for this study; namely, the authors employed both historical research methods and a literature review. RESULTS: This study is the first of its kind to trace the history of FIR work and to provide an overarching analysis of the limited literature on this topic. CONCLUSIONS: By filling in the gaps in the research literature and describing the current state of FIR work, this study contributes to a research base for future, iterative studies of FIR work. This study also offers a discussion of future directions for both the research and practice of FIR work on college campuses.

La maquinaria social y las ciencias humanas. Pensionados de la junta para la ampliación de estudios en la europa de la razón tecnocrática / Social machinery and the human sciences. The junta para la ampliación de studios scholarships in the technocratic europe

La creación de la JAE y su política de pensiones promovió no solo los elementos integrantes del discurso oficial, sino otros intereses ligados a los enfoques tecnocráticos de los problemas sociales difundidos en la Europa de la modernidad. En este estudio exploramos este segundo efecto, no reconocido suficientemente, mediante el examen de la trayectoria y propuestas de diversos pensionados que viajaron entre 1909 y 1932 a Alemania, Inglaterra, Bélgica, Suiza y Francia (AU)

The establishment of the JAE and the scholarship policy supported by this institution promoted not only the well-known scientific renovation, but other values related in this case to the technocratic views of social problems. The present study is aimed at exploring this second effect, a relatively unattended topic, by the examination of the concerns and purposes of various scholarship holders who traveled between 1909 and 1932 to Germany, England, Belgium, Switzerland, and France (AU)

Recipes for Men: Manufacturing Makeup and the Politics of Production in 1910s China.

In the first decade of Republican China (1911-49), masculinity was explored in writings on how to manufacture makeup that appeared in women's magazines. Male authors and editors of these writings--some of whom were connoisseurs of technology, some of whom were would-be manufacturers--appropriated the tropes of the domestic and feminine to elevate hands-on work and explore industry and manufacturing as legitimate masculine pursuits. Tapping into time-honored discourses of virtuous productivity in the inner chambers and employing practices of appropriating the woman's voice to promote unorthodox sentiment, these recipes "feminized" production to valorize a new masculine agenda, which included chemistry and manufacturing, for building a new China.

The web of Penelope. Regulating women's night work: an unfinished job?

Even though unhealthy consequences of night work for women have been evidenced by international scientific literature only in recent years, they were well acknowledged from ancient times. This essay traces the historical evolution of women's health conditions at work, focusing specifically on nocturnal work. Using the legendary web of Penelope of ancient Greek myths as a metaphor, the paper analyses the early limitations of night-work for women in pre-industrial era and the development of a modern international legislation on this issue, aimed at protecting women's health at the beginning of the twentieth century. The reform of national legislations in a gender-neutral manner has recently abolished gender disparities in night-work, but it seems it also reduced women's protection at work.

La construcción de la matriz mínima de datos de profesionales de la salud del MERCOSUR desde sus inicios hasta el 2014 en Argentina, Brasil y Uruguay / The construction of the minimum data matrix of health professionals of MERCOSUR from its beginnings until 2014 in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay

Este libro presenta una sistematización de los logros alcanzados en la tarea de armonizar las normas de regulación profesional en salud en los países del MERCOSUR en el período 2012-2014. La Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud (OPS/OMS) ha venido acompañando y estimulando este proceso, el cual puede considerarse de alto nivel de calidad en la construcción de mecanismos de consenso entre países, específicamente en el campo de las políticas sanitarias.

Wartime women giving birth: narratives of pregnancy and childbirth, Britain c. 1939-1960.

Women in Second World War Britain benefitted from measures to improve maternal and child health. Infant and maternal mortality rates continued to fall, new drugs became available, and efforts were made to improve the health of mothers and babies through the provision of subsidised milk and other foodstuffs. However, in return, women were also expected to contribute to the war effort through motherhood, and this reflected wider cultural ideas in the North Atlantic world in the first half of the twentieth century which equated maternity with military service. The aim of this article is to examine the interplay between narratives of birth and narratives of war in the accounts of maternity from women of the wartime generation. It will explore how the military-maternity analogy sheds light on women's experiences of pregnancy and childbirth in Britain during the Second World War, whilst also considering maternity within women's wider role as 'domestic soldiers', contributing to the war effort through their traditional work as housewives and mothers. In doing so, the article reveals the complexity of women's narratives. It demonstrates that they do not simply conform to the 'medical vs. social' binary, but reflect the wider cultural context in which women gave birth. Women incorporated the dominant discourses of the period, namely those around war, into their accounts.